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Wild type C. carbonum produces at least three forms of HC-toxin. HC-toxin IV has hydroxyPro in place of Pro; HC-toxin II has Gly in place of D-alanine. toxG mutants do not produce HC-toxin I or IV but still produce HC-toxin II and hence are still almost as virulent as wild type. 

Addition of D-alanine to the medium complements the toxG mutation.

HC-toxins were visualized with an epoxide-indicating reagent. See Cheng and Walton (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:4906-11